To browse Academia. Due to its unique geographical posi on, Istanbul's economic and poli cal influence spread over a wide area. Istanbul lies at a key intersec on of strategic sea-lanes, and connects two con nents, working as a hinge-city. The city was established on firm land to the north of the Marmara Sea, which connects the Aegean and Black Seas, and towards the southern end of the Bosphorus, straits that have undisputed geo-strategic importance. Including the Balkans and Asia Minor, it can be considered to be in the economic and poli cal heart Eastern Europe. As the mee ng point of passageways and ac vi es that join together many ci es spread over two con nents, Istanbul is also a vital bridge for numerous social networks. This complex formula has resulted in both its fortune and misfortune. Istanbul is a port city, a military city, a poli cal city that was the center of two empires, a commercial city which served as a mee ng point for transna onal colonial networks, a financial city, an educa onal city with numerous secondary and higher educa on ins tu ons, and also a cultural city that func oned as the center of ethno-religious diversity. In the history of the city, Hippodrome Online Casino Withdrawal Time features o en intertwine. Istanbul has collected all sorts of complicated and diverse features that resist singular defini ons of the city; these diverse features o en interact with each other through symbiosis, allowing different historical layers to survive con nuously. It is a rare example of a city in which historical and geographical features are represented in both eclec c and synthe c forms and integrated assemblage. Looking at the transforma on of the city throughout history, we encounter a different Istanbul in every period. Istanbul is the sum of all these geographical and socio-historical differences. In this paper, focusing on Istanbul's recent history, I will a empt to explain the city's comprehensive sociological transforma on over the last century. The demographic movementsintertwined with late nineteenth and early twen eth century socio-technological developments to form the main features of Istanbul in the Republican period. Demographic changes include the internal structure of popula on movements, the forma on of public health sanita on ins tu ons, large popula on movements caused by wars and geographic separa sm, and ethno-religious components of the popula on. Socio-technological processes define the versa le effects of techno-industrial revolu ons, which took place one a er another. The city's history can be be er understood by explaining how it was transformed by economic, spa al, cultural, and administra ve processes, thus providing a context for socio-historical change. Among those processes which transformed the city by following predetermined and original routes are: large fires and subsequent periods of reconstruc on, the spread of railways, the renewal of harbors, the introduc on of the telegraph, telephone and electricity to urban life, the a empt to shape the urban macro-form with motorized vehicles, and the evolu on of communica on technologies. The cultural transforma ons that surrounded the moderniza on of the O oman State and the Turkish Republiccan also be understood in terms of the decisions that shaped conflic ng poli cal and administra ve structures. This ar cle will discuss the city's recent history, which was shaped by conflicts and breaksthat carry it from the past to the future. As the capital of a mul na onal empire, which was damaged by hegemonic disputes between the great powers of the nineteenth century, Istanbul found itself in the eye of a storm. As one of the most prominent and fascina ng ci es during military-agrarian empires, Istanbul had to keep pace with the innova ons of this period. It represented not only one of the ci es that were involved in manufacturing for Hippodrome Online Casino Withdrawal Time progressive capitalist markets of the me, from which the industrial revolu on emanated, but also witnessed different types of se lements typical of growing economies. The capitals of modern na on-states, as seen in both their architecture and planning, were venues for symbolic power in this period. When the problem of subsistence provisions was eradicated following a boom in produc on, the number of se lements accommoda ng large popula ons started to increase rapidly. Growing and urbanizing popula ons in Europe and Hippodrome Online Casino Withdrawal Time reflected the birth of a new city form. The most tangible results of 1 2. Iconarp International J. As palimpsests of multiple layers of historic, geo-political, and socioeconomic complexity, contemporary cities demand innovative methods of deciphering and unraveling their development. Typically referred to as reading the city, these methods of delayering and synthesizing urban complexity have, for long, preoccupied urban planners and decisionmakers. Drawing from its interdisciplinary literature, this paper explores a comprehensive model of reading the city. Using a qualitative approach from both the archival and visual data sources, this study provides a better understanding of complex layers of urbanism that guide urban planners, policy makers and decisionmakers in developing more convenient solutions to urban problems. With multiple layers of its urbanism, Istanbul makes a suitable case study for this purpose. Identifying three types of developments controlled or top-down, partially controlled and outlawed, bottom-updifferent interactive networks provide sufficient grounds for reading Istanbul. Reading these intricate layers of Istanbul's 'closed' and 'open' city Sennett, in close proximity to a main transportation artery D highway against the broader backdrop of its long history intertwined with geographic and socioeconomic push and pull forces provides a comprehensive tool for adopting similar methods for reading other cities. Notonly does corruption run rampant, but defensive, localist attitudes alsoprevail in regards to issues related to the cultural change associated withglobalization. Thus, while Ista Baska hadiselerin ya da kazalarin kacinilmaz ya da belirlenmis sonucu olmayan, tumuyle olumsal ya da beklenmedik bir sekilde ortaya cikan ancak guncel kenti donusturen ve gelecegini sekillendirmede guc ve etki uygulayabilen kentsel olaylar hakkinda ne dusunmeliyiz? Kentin morfolojisi ve yapili cevresi yani sira kent sakinlerinin mekan algisinda kirilmaya ve yeni bir konfigurasyona sebep olan muhim eylemleri ve olaylari nasil tespit edebilir ve aciklayabiliriz? Bu makale kentin modern doneminde belirleyici olan, kentin morfolojisini, kentte yasayanlarin deneyimlerini ve kentin etnik-dini kompozisyonunu karsilikli olarak kuran uc olayi tariflemekte ve incelemektedir. The planetary scale of urbanization Hippodrome Online Casino Withdrawal Time shifting scales of ecological devastation have recently brought new forms of attention to the conditions of the urban edge. Preconceived temporal frameworks, scales, and agents fail to decipher histories. In a city whose process of urbanization has been predominantly defined by the colonization of land, this methodology aims to Hippodrome Online Casino Withdrawal Time attention to the waterward space, to the production of port geography.
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